foot




 * The **pelvic (hip) girdle** consists of **two hipbones** (**coxal bones**) and provides a strong and stable support for the lower extremities, on which the weight of the body is carried. Each hipbone (coxal bone) is composed of three separate bones at birth: **the ilium, pubis, and ischium**. These bones eventually fuse at a depression called the **acetabulum**, which forms the socket for the hip joint.


 * lium** The larger of the three components of the hip bone and articulates(fuses with the ischium and pubis
 * Ischium** The inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone
 * Pubis** The anterior and inferior part of the hip bone


 * [|Click here to explore an interactive study on the pelvic girdle]** || [[image:http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm8_small.gif width="100" height="150" link="http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm8.gif"]] || [[image:http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/sum2s13_1_small.jpg width="100" height="53" link="http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/sum2s13_1.jpg"]] ||  ||   ||   ||

__COMPARISON OF FEMALE AND MALE PELVES__ //**Male bones are generally larger and heavier than those of the female; the male’s join surfaces also tend to be larger. Muscle attachment points are more well-defined in the bones of a male than of a female due to the larger size of the muscles in males. A number of anatomical differences exist between the pelvic girdles of females and those of males, primarily related to the need for a larger pelvic outlet in females to facilitate childbirth**//

__COMPARISON OF PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLES__ //**The pectoral girdle does not directly articulate with the vertebral column; the pelvic girdle does. The pectoral girdle sockets are shallow and maximize movement; those of the pelvic girdle are deeper and allow less movement. The structure of the pectoral girdle offers more movement than strength; the pelvic girdle, more strength than movement.**


 * [[image:http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm9_small.gif width="100" height="96" link="http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm9.gif"]] || [[image:http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm10_small.gif width="100" height="96" link="http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm10.gif"]] || [[image:http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/sum2s13_5_small.jpg width="100" height="96" link="http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/sum2s13_5.jpg"]] ||  || Figure 6.16 || Figure 6.16 || Figure 6.16 ||

==LOWER LIMB (EXTREMITY) **Each lower extremity is composed of 30 bones, including the femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges Femur The femur or thighbone is the largest, heaviest, and strongest bone of the body. It articulates with the hip bone and the tibia Patella The patella or kneecap is a sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee joint. It functions to increase the leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, to maintain the position of the tendon when the knee is bent, and to protect the knee joint. Tibia and Fibula The tibia or shinbone is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg. The fibula is parallel and lateral to the tibia Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges Seven tarsal bones constitute the ankle and share the weight associated with walk ing. Five metatarsal bones are contained in the foot. The arrangement of phalanges in the toes is the same as that described for the fingers and thumb above - fourteen bones in each foot. ==**

Bones of the Lower Limb
We will first just take a general look at the skeleton of the lower limb and then, consider the bones in more detail when we get to each region. the flexor hallucis longus muscle to the big toe. || ||
 * * hip bone (1)
 * femur (1)
 * patella (1)
 * tibia (1)
 * fibula (1)
 * tarsals (8)
 * metatarsals (5)
 * proximal phalanges (5)
 * intermediate phalanges (5)
 * distal phalanges (4) The big toe (hallux) only has 2 phalanges There are also 2 extra bones in the foot, called sesamoid bones. These small bones develop within the tendon of
 * ilium
 * ischium
 * pubis
 * pubic symphysis
 * sacroiliac joint
 * acetabular lip
 * head of femur
 * neck of femur
 * greater trochanter
 * lesser trochanter || [[image:http://mywebpages.comcast.net/wnor/xrayhip.jpg]] ||


 * [|] || [[image:http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm12_small.gif width="100" height="197" link="http://biologyonline.us/Online%20A&P/AP%201/Northland/AP1lab/Lab%206/images/40.htm12.gif"]] ||
 * || Figure 6.18 ||

|| || 1: First Metatarsal 2: First Cuneiform 3: Second Cuneiform 4: Third Cuneiform 5: Navicular 6: Talus 7: Calcaneum 8: Cuboid 9: Proximal phalynx 1: Tibia 2: Lateral malleolus 3: Calcaneum 4: Cuboid 5: Fifth Metatarsal tuberosity 6: Third Metatarsal 7: Distal phalynx 8: Proximal phalynx 9: Second Cuneiform 10: Third Cuneiform 11: Navicular
 * [[image:http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Bones/Bone_box/foot%20lateral.jpg width="540" height="527"]] || [[image:http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Bones/Image112a.jpg width="319" height="576"]] ||
 * [[image:http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Bones/Bone_box/foot_1.jpg width="420" height="450"]] || [[image:http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Bones/image112b.jpg width="248" height="504"]] ||
 * || [[image:http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Bones/Bone_box/foot_2.jpg width="425" height="385"]] || [[image:http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Radio/curriculum/Bones/image464b.jpg width="432" height="318"]] ||